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Contact Info
Last Address Laclede
Date of Passing Jul 15, 1948
Location of Interment Arlington National Cemetery (VLM) - Arlington, Virginia
United States Army General. He is remembered worldwide for serving from 1917 to 1918 as the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces on the Western Front during World War I. Born in Laclede, Missouri, he was the son of a railroad switchman. At the age of 17, he taught in a rural school for African-American children to earn enough money to pay for his college education at Kirksville Normal School, which is now Truman State University in Kirksville, Missouri. In 1881, answering an advertisement for the United States Military Academy's entrance exam, he sat for the exam, earning an entry to West Point in 1882. Graduating 30th out of 70 students, he also was President of his class and Captain of Cadets. He received his commission in the Cavalry and was ordered to the Western frontier, fighting in the Apache campaign in New Mexico and Arizona under the command of General Nelson A. Miles and earning his first combat citation. During this time, he participated in the famous Massacre at Wounded Knee. From 1891 until 1895, he served as a Professor of Military Science at the University of Nebraska, while receiving a law degree. Later he returned to the United States Military Academy as a tactical officer. As part of the Spanish-American War, he was sent to the Philippines in 1898 where he earned a Silver Star. He organized the Insular Bureau, under which the affairs of the Philippine Islands and Puerto Rico are still administered. In 1899, as a Captain, he returned to the Philippines where he put down an uprising of the Moros and received the personal congratulations of Secretary of War Elihu Root. In 1904, he was assigned as Military Attaché of the American Embassy in Tokyo, Japan, during the Russo-Japanese War. The following year, he returned to the United States and married Helen Frances Warren, the daughter of United States Senator Francis E. Warren. In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt promoted him over 862 other officers, which prompted a great deal of professional resentment. The promotion raised rumors of favoritism and political dealing, fueled by the fact that his father-in-law was chairman of the Senate Military Affairs Committee. Regardless of the rumors, he continued to serve with great distinction and returned to the Philippines again as Military Commander and remained there until 1913. In January of 1914, he returned to the United States where President Woodrow Wilson assigned him under General Frederick Funston; Wilson then ordered him to "pursue and disperse" Pancho Villa and his band of Mexican guerrillas. Leaving his family at the Presidio in San Francisco, California, he went to El Paso, Texas, to coordinate his campaign. Prior to beginning this campaign, he received word his wife and three daughters had died in a house fire. Only his 6-year-old son had survived because of the heroics of the family's maid. Due to this tragic personal loss, he left his duties, but only long enough to see to the burial of his family, then returned and pressed on with his assignment. Though he failed to capture Villa, he effectively stopped Villa's terrorism and earned himself a promotion to Major General. It was also during this campaign that he earned the nickname "Black Jack" by commanding, and advocating, the 10th Calvary, a distinguished regiment of Black troops, often called the "Buffalo Soldiers." Once he returned to Washington, D.C. in 1917, and due to the sudden death of General Funston, President Wilson, on the advice of his Military Attaché, Major Douglas McArthur, named him to command the American Expeditionary Forces being sent to France after America's declaration of war on Germany. The Army he was to command did not exist yet; his task was to create it. One of his first actions upon arriving in France was to pay respects at the tomb of the Marquis de Lafayette. As he laid a wreath on the French soldier's grave, his aide announced, "Lafayette, we are here!" This signified to the French people that America was ready to assist them as they had the young American Republic in 1776. He fought diligently to maintain the integrity of the American forces. He did not, and would not, concur with the plan to use American forces only as replacements for depleted French and British troops. He also refused to allow any American forces to fight separately; insisting that all American forces fight together as a unit. It was his American troops who defeated the Germans in the St. Mihiel Salient in September of 1918. In October, the Americans fought bravely against the Germans along the Hindenburg Line during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, and, on November 11, 1918, the Armistice was declared. Upon his return to the United States, he received a hero's welcome. Congress conferred upon him the "Thanks of Congress" and the special rank of "General of the Armies of the United States." With this rank, he was given the option of 5 stars, but declined the offer. He served as Army Chief of Staff from 1921 until his retirement in 1924. He went on to chair the American Battle Monuments Commission and write his two-volume memoirs, which earned him a Pulitzer Prize. Though he lived at Walter Reed Hospital in Washington, D.C., he was called upon during World War II for advice and counsel by the Army Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall. In 1948, upon his death, his funeral cortege was led by the President of the United States, Harry S. Truman, a veteran "doughboy" from World War I. After the funeral service in the Memorial Amphitheater, one of only nine to ever be held there, his last requests were honored. He had asked that he be buried with the men he had led and fought beside. He was interred in a special plot which placed him in front of his doughboys. His last request was that his grave be marked with the same white government regulation tombstone that marked the graves of his men. He was the recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross, the Distinguished Service Medal, the Silver Star, and many foreign awards. Buried beside him is his grandson, 2nd Lieutenant Richard Warren Pershing, who was killed in action in Vietnam. Pershing County, Nevada is named after him.
Other Comments:
General of the Armies
John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing was a senior United States Army officer. He served most famously as the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) on the Western Front in World War I, 1917–18.
Pershing is the only American to be promoted in his own lifetime to General of the Armies rank, the highest possible rank in the United States Army.
Allowed to select his own insignia, Pershing chose to use four gold stars to distinguish himself from those officers who held the rank of General, which was signified with four silver stars.After the creation of the five-star General of the Army rank during World War II, his rank of General of the Armies could unofficially be considered that of a six-star general, but he died before the proposed insignia could be considered and acted upon by Congress.
In addition to leading the A.E.F. to victory in World War I, Pershing notably served as a mentor to many in the generation of generals who led the United States Army during World War II, including George Marshall, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, Lesley J. McNair, George S. Patton and Douglas MacArthur.
Description St. Mihiel, 12 - 16 September 1918. By September 1918, with both the Marne and the Amiens salients eliminated, there remained but one major threat to lateral rail communications behind the Allied lines-the old St. Mihiel salient near the Paris-Nancy line. Active preparations for its reduction began with the transfer of Headquarters First Army, effective 13 August, from La Ferté-sous-Jouarre in the Marne region to Neufchateau on the Meuse, immediately south of St. Mihiel. On 28 August the first echelon of headquarters moved closer to the front at Ligny-en-Barrois.
American unite from Flanders to Switzerland were shifted into the area near the salient. The fourteen American and four French divisions assigned to the First Army for the operation contained ample infantry and machinegun units for the attack. But because of the earlier priority given to shipment of infantry (at the insistence of the British and French) the First Army was short of artillery, tank, air and other support units essential to a well-balanced field army. The French made up this deficiency by loaning Pershing over half the artillery and nearly half the airplanes and tanks needed for the St. Mihiel operation.
Shortly before the offensive was to begin, Foch threatened once again to disrupt Pershing's long-held desire to carry out a major operation with an independent American force. On 30 August the Allied Commander in Chief proposed to exploit the recently gained successes on the Aisne-Marne and Amiens fronts by reducing the size of the St. Mihiel attack and dividing the American forces into three groups-one for the salient offensive and two for fronts to the east and west of the Argonne Forest. Pershing, however, remained adamant in his insistence that the First Army should not now be broken up, no matter where it might be sent into action. Fina1ly a compromise was reached. The St. Mihiel attack was subordinated to the much larger offensive to be launched on the Meuse-Argonne front in late September, but the First Army remained intact. Pershing agreed to limit his operations by employing only the minimum force needed to reduce the salient in three or four days. Simultaneously he was to prepare his troops for a major role in the Meuse-Argonne drive.
The St. Mihiel offensive began on 12 September with a threefold assault on the salient. The main attack was made against the south face by two American corps. On the right was the I Corps (from right to left the 82d, 90th, 5th, and 2d Divisions in line with the 78th in reserve) covering a front from Pont-à-Mousson on the Moselle westward to Limey; on the left, the IV Corps (from right to left the 89th, 42d, and 1st Divisions in line with the 3d in reserve) extending along a front from Limey westward to Marvoisin. A secondary thrust was carried out against the west face along the heights of the Meuse, from Mouilly north to Haudimont, by the V Corps (from right to left the 26th Division, the French 15th Colonial Division, and the 8th Brigade, 4th Division in line with the rest of the 4th in reserve). A holding attack against the apex, to keep the enemy in the salient, was made by the French II Colonial Corps (from right to left the French 39th Colonial Division, the French 26th Division, and the French 2d Cavalry Division in line). In First Army reserve were the American 35th, 80th, and 91st Divisions.
Tota1 Allied forces involved in the offensive numbered more than 650,000-some 550,000 American and 100,000 Allied (mostly French) troops. In support of the attack the First Army had over 3,000 guns, 400 French tanks, and 1,500 airplanes. Col. William Mitchell directed the heterogeneous air force, composed of British, French, Italian, Portuguese, and American units, in what proved to be the largest single air operation of the war. American squadrons flew 609 of the airplanes, which were mostly of French or British manufacture.
Defending the salient was German "Army Detachment C," consisting of eight divisions and a brigade in the line and about two divisions in reserve. The Germans, now desperately short of manpower, had begun a step-by-step withdrawal from the salient only the day before the offensive began. The attack went so well on 12 September that Pershing ordered a speedup in the offensive. By the morning of 13 September the 1st Division, advancing from the east, joined hands with the 26th Division, moving in from the west, and before evening all objectives in the salient had been captured. At this point Pershing halted further advances so that American units could be withdrawn for the coming offensive in the Meuse-Argonne sector.
This first major operation by an American Army under its own command took 16,000 prisoners at a cost of 7,000 casualties, eliminated the threat of an attack on the rear of Allied fortifications at Nancy and Verdun, greatly improved Allied lateral rail communications, and opened the way for a possible future offensive to seize Metz and the Briey iron fields.
